Yellow Trees from Being Too Wet
It is very common to see yellow trees in the spring. The lack of color is often due to saturated soils which reduces the movement of oxygen into the soil, killing fine feeder roots. This impacts the ability for the tree to take in water and nutrients, leading to micro-nutrient deficiencies, impacting nut set and tree growth. In severe cases, especially with younger trees, the symptoms are similar to glyphosate drift or zinc deficiency. Later-season carry-over effects are also observed and include a limited rootzone, which leads to severe water stress during hull-split and harvest.Most of the time, this problem is caused by the orchard being irrigated too soon. Many operations apply water because it is perceived as needed or they are wanting to apply fertilizer. The need to apply water, however, is usually very low in the spring due to the cooler conditions and crop stage. Based on the 30-year average almond evapotranspirational values across California, water use from Mid-February (bloom) through the first week of April for almonds across the State ranges from 3.6" to about 4.25." This demand is often met by rain and the tree accessing stored moisture within the soil.To determine when to start applying water, plant stress or soil moisture levels should be monitored. The soil profile should be starting to dry at the two to three feet zone and can be checked with with the use of a shovel, auger, or soil moisture sensors. If using the pressure chamber to monitor plant stress, irrigation should be considered when trees are 1.5-2 bars more negative than baseline. For more information on the use of a pressure chamber in perennial crops, please see this document. If wanting to apply nitrogen, applications should occur by ground application or the shortest fertigation set as possible. These practices will help to properly time the first irrigation, reducing the occurrence of yellow trees.To provide an example how long water can be withheld from an orchard in the spring, last year (2016) in a local research plot near Delhi, CA (very sandy soil), we applied the first irrigation on April 29th when stem water potential readings reached 1.5 bars more negative than baseline. By that time, the neighboring blocks were irrigated three times. We estimated that the grower saved $15/acre in a reduction in pump and water costs. Although it is common for trees not to need much applied water through the beginning of April, the late rains of 2016 provided the water needed by the trees. This, of course, does not happen every year, and illustrates the point of monitoring tree or soil water status in determining when to irrigate.