David Doll4 CommentsFebruary 9, 2020Diseases, Horticulture

2020 Bloom Considerations

As the 2020 almond bloom/crop year begins, there are several considerations to keep in mind. These points may be useful to help understand observations from the field as well as provide an understanding of any direction received. Nut set. Flower set percentages will vary from year-to-year. For mature trees, about 20-30% of the flowers will set while younger trees will be slightly higher. Even though this is low, crop loads are still high due to the number of flowers that are in each tree. A mature tree will have an estimated 35,000-50,000 flowers, depending on tree size. For more information on this, please see this article: https://thealmonddoctor.com/2016/03/07/almond-set-and-nut-drop/ which discusses the results of a tagging study which followed the development of almonds through the season. External factors greatly influence the set percentages. Crop load from the previous year impacts the amount of energy available for flower formation and bloom. High yields from the year before will reduce the number of flowers that will set nuts. Poor weather conditions can reduce bee flight hours, kill flowers in freezing temperatures, or promote disease. The period of weather risk extends into the fertilization period, which continues for several weeks. Keep in mind that the crop is susceptible to frost and diseases as long as there is a risk of frost and rainfall.   Several factors can be mediated by good farming practices. These include the presence and strength of pollinators (usually honeybees), post-harvest practices, and nutrient deficiencies. Honeybees are required for varieties needing cross pollination (most CA orchards – 2.0-2.5 hives/acre) and recommended for self-compatible varieties (0.5-1.0 hive/acre, although the exact number is unclear). Stronger hives (8+ filled frames) are essentially an insurance policy for poor weather conditions. Hive numbers and placements should take into account the weather. Post-harvest treatment of the trees is

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David Doll17 CommentsMarch 7, 2016Horticulture

Almond Set and Nut Drop

Annually, I receive several questions on nut set. Many are aware that not all of the flowers on the tree will set a nut, but how many do? This, of course, can range  between 15-40%.  Most orchards, however, set between the 20-30% range, with average orchards around 25%. This percentage varies year-to-year, and is dependent on flower density, temperature at bloom and post-bloom, and tree health. Spur dynamics play a key role in fruit bud density and the ability for a flower to set. Research by Tombesi and colleagues found that a fruiting spur, if maintained in a position with ample light for photosynthesis, tends to alternate bear. These spurs may flower the year after cropping, but rarely set a nut. This is believed to be due to carbohydrate and nutrient depletion within the spur. Surprisingly, tagged spurs that double or triple crop die, regardless of light position. Therefore, orchards that have a high set percentage deplete the spur pool, leading to a reduced set in the following year (i.e. alternate bearing). Generally, however, most orchards are able to re-develop spur positions which lead to sustained yields. Farmer practices come into play in developing and maintaining spurs- they include PROPER irrigation and nutrition, as well as adequate potassium levels to reduce spur mortality. Tagging studies have also found that set percentage is generally inversely related to flower density. This means that trees that have fewer fruit buds/flowers will set at a higher percentage than trees with a high fruit bud/flower count. This most likely is due to a greater amount of resources able to be allocated to a fewer number of buds. This compensation for the lower bud count, however, does not typically lead to a higher yield. Temperature can impact set as well. Almond pollination and fertilization can occur over

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