A question is commonly asked about optimal orchard row width for almond orchards in order to maximize production and returns.  With the goal being to maximize production as early as possible, many operations want to plant rows as close as possible, but wide enough to provide access for equipment.  Therefore, most operations within California plant between 21-22,’ with some orchards as close as 20′ and wide as 24.’ With row spacing, are maximum production and equipment access the only variables in making this decision? Mostly, but one must balance the possibility of increased production with increased costs of establishing and maintaining more rows at a denser row spacing.  When deciding on spacing, there are many other factors to consider, including the cost of increasing row density, the varieties and rootstock selected for planting, expected orchard vigor, anticipated cultural practices, and risk of inclement weather at harvest. Each one of these are outlined in further detail below. Establishment and operational expense. As the width of the aisle decreases the number of rows per acre increases. With an increasing number of rows, establishment and cultural costs also increase (the more rows the more risers, irrigation line, and passes made per acre).  Changing row width by one foot changes the number of rows by one-half row per acre (assuming a square acre planting). This means that in comparison to a 22′ spacing, a 21′ row spacing will cost an additional $750 per acre for the life of the orchard based on pricing from local companies and the UC Cost Studies ($200 establishment through the third year+ $50/year*22 for a 25 year orchard lifespan). Varieties. The tree architecture and vigor of certain varieties can facilitate closer spacings. Upright varieties such as ‘Independence’, ‘Aldrich’, ‘Fritz’, and ‘Padre’ provide the ability to plant tighter as they provide