David Doll8 CommentsFebruary 15, 2016Horticulture

2016 Almond Bloom Considerations

Adequate chill and recent warm temperatures have accelerated almond bloom. Timing is close to “normal” in southern and southwestern areas of the State, but are 1-3 weeks ahead further north. Below are some thoughts to keep in mind with the anticipation of rain this week. Authors note (2-16-2015): There has been some concern about the wording around the time of nutrient/boron sprays and bloom. Research has shown that boron applied postharvest to 10% bloom can increase yield, while applied later than 10% bloom will not have an impact. Nutrient sprays-with the exception of boron as described in the previous sentence- have not been found by researchers to increase yield when applied at bloom. Sorry for the confusion. Fungicides are usually effective for about 14 days after an application. This period of protection is decreased with rain events. Furthermore, as surface areas expands – whether it is the flowers or leaves – newly exposed tissues are unprotected from infection. This means that spraying too early may not provide the wanted protection. If planning to make a fungicide application, apply the material as close to the rain event as possible. Remember that it needs between 30-60 minutes to dry. Depending on the pre- and post-rain conditions, and the periods of leaf wetness, a fungicide spray may not be needed. Keep in mind that fungal diseases require several hour periods of leaf wetness – which comes from fog, dew, and rain. Be cautious with adding additional surfactants. Most fungicides have surfactants mixed with the active ingredient. Adding additional surfactants may impact the efficacy of the fungicide, damage the flower’s tender tissues, or impact bees. The label should indicate if a surfactant is needed. Avoid tank mixing in boric acid with sprays made during bloom when bees are active(1). Researchers at the University of California as well as around

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David Doll0 commentsJanuary 10, 2016Horticulture

Can mechanically-applied pollen either supplement bees, or ensure an almond crop in the event of bee inefficacy or unavailability?

Written by Elizabeth J. Fichtner, Farm Advisor, UCCE Tulare County and Katherine Wilson, Staff Research Associate, UCCE Tulare County Each year during almond bloom, a fraction of growers try artificial pollination as either a supplement to bee pollination or an insurance policy against bee-inefficacy.  Several factors may impact the availability and efficacy of bees as pollinators for California’s (CA) almond crop. Increasing almond acreage has increased the overall demand for hives while chronic honey bee health issues limit hive supply.  Additionally, bee efficacy for pollination may be challenged by adverse weather conditions during bloom.  In an effort to either supplement bee pollination or provide an insurance policy against inefficient bee-pollination, growers have utilized two different approaches to artificial pollination:  1) mechanical application of pollen to trees by blowers or airplanes, and 2) insertion of pollen dispensers (‘inserts’) into hives. Conceptually, the application of pollen to trees by blowers relies on bee activity to redistribute pollen within the orchard; only a small amount of the blown pollen would be deposited directly on receptive stigmas. Several research studies, however, have demonstrated that techniques involving “blowing” pollen onto trees have no benefit as a supplement to bee pollination on fruit set or yield (ie. Schupp, 1997). A published 1966 almond research trial similarly demonstrates a lack of benefit of supplemental, mechanically-blown pollen on Nonpareil nut set and yield in a 2:1 block of Nonpareil and Mission (Thorp et al., 1967).  Conversely, a study in 1978 demonstrated a value of mechanically-blown pollen on nut set (Thorp, 1978), but replication of the study in 1979 did not demonstrate any effect of artificial pollination (Thorp, et al. 1979). The orchard housing the 1978 and 1979 trials was chosen due to its unfavorable varietal combination (1:4:1, with 4 contiguous rows of Nonpareil) –a combination not utilized by

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David Doll9 CommentsJanuary 30, 2015General, Insects

Honey Bee Considerations at Bloom

There has been a lot of concern about honeybee health related to fungicide and insecticide applications within orchards. More is being learned every year about the impacts of pest management practices on hive health. Recently, The Almond Board of California released an excellent resource titled “Honey Bee Best Management Practices for California Almonds.” This resource provides an overview of the research conducted and the recommendations generated from the results and conclusions. The following is a brief overview of these practices that are associated with insect and disease control around bloom: Read the pesticide label carefully – including surfactants – and avoid any chemicals that indicate toxicity to bees. Avoid applying or tank mixing any insecticides during bloom until the effects on bees are known. Treatments for peach twig borer should be considered prior to bee move-in or after hive removal (i.e. delayed dormant, “May” spray); Avoid the fungicides iprodione, captan, or ziram. These fungicides negatively impact bee hive health; Apply fungicides later in the afternoon or evening when bees and pollen are less present. It is also important to also not spray too late that the fungicide does not have a chance to dry before the next foraging day; Addition of adjuvants is not needed unless specified by the fungicide label. These compounds may harm bees by increasing fungicide activity; Cover or remove the bees’ water source and avoid spraying the hive directly with any pesticides. More information can be found at The Almond Board of California. Keep in mind that these spray practices are independent of good bee hive care, which includes provision of water in during dry bloom periods, sources of pollen.nectar in bee holding areas, and of course, good communication with your beekeeper.

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David Doll2 CommentsMarch 2, 2010Insects

Fungicides and Bee Health

I have had a lot of questions/concerns regarding bee health and bloom fungicides sprays. Even though bloom is nearing its end, I thought I would try and answer a few questions I have received – and finally had some time to research and formulate an answer to these questions. Do fungicides applied during bloom affect bee health?The short answer is “We don’t know.” Research has shown that fungicides that are applied around or at bloom do adhere to the pollen, and are brought back to the hive during the process of pollination. The fungicides then inhibit the growth of different fungi within the bee hive, decreasing the the microbial diversity of the bee’s food source. As of the Almond Board of California 2009 Research Proceedings, it is unknown whether or not the fungi affected benefit or harm the overall health of the hive. Which Fungicides are transported back to the hive?Researchers at the Carl Hayden Bee Research Center in Tuscon AZ found five commonly used fungicides in the bee bread (food source) of hives placed in almond orchards. These fungicides include Chlorothalonil, Cyprodinil, Fenbuconazole, Iprodione, Boscalid, and Pyraclostrobin. The amounts of fungicide appear to vary by orchard and timing of application – BUT – this data was only based on hives placed in three orchards with two or three samplings- for now. Also, it is not known which fungicides target which fungi, if they negatively affect bee health directly, and if they have a negative impact on the entire hive by reducing the quality of the food source. The research group headed by Dr. DeGrandi-Hoffman will be looking into these questions through this year. What about Pristine (Pyraclostrobin-Boscalid) applications?Essentially, we don’t know exactly how this fungicide affects fungal growth in the hive. In vitro studies from Dr. DeGrandi-Hoffman’s lab indicates

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