David Doll2 CommentsOctober 27, 2014Diseases

Fall Sampling for Nematodes: Now is a Good Time

Late fall is a good time to consider nematode sampling. Sampling may be important to perform if lack of vigor or poor growth is observed within an orchard. Samples should be taken once the soil begins to cool in October. For best results, multiple soil samples should be taken, with a minimum of one sample per soil type present in the orchard. If soils are  relatively uniform,  two to three samples should be made for fields smaller than 60 acres. Five or six samples are needed for  for larger uniform fields. A composite of 5-7 different spots within the soil type or field quadrant should be pooled (mixed and combined) as one “sample.” Soil samples should be taken at a depth of 15″-20″ within the rootzone of the tree. Once enough samples have been collected, they should be placed in a properly labeled bag, kept cool and out of the sun, and submitted to a lab to conduct the nematode analysis. 

Read More
David Doll2 CommentsDecember 7, 2012Diseases

Lasting Effects of Soil Fumigation on Nematodes?

I am often asked about the duration of control that pre-plant soil fumigation has on parasitic nematodes. My typical response is “Probably about 3-4 years, or once the roots move outside of the treated area.” This generalization appears to be true in many orchards as symptoms of nematode parasitism, which include stunting, bacterial canker, and bud drop, often do not develop until the fourth or fifth year. This past fall, we performed our annual nematode sampling of all of our research plots. One of the plots was our almond replant plot located near Ballico. This orchard is located on a sandy soil with a history of almond trees and nematodes. In the fall of 2010, it was fumigated with four fumigant treatments, including methyl bromide row-strip, C35 row-strip, Telone II rowstrip, and Telone II broadcast, a control plot, and a spot steam treatment. In the spring of 2011, the trees were planted.

Read More
David Doll0 commentsAugust 24, 2009Diseases

Nematodes and Tree Growth

A grower made a request for a visit to his orchard due to poor growth by his replanted first leaf trees. The trees were replacing trees that were lost to heavy winds from the previous summer. Within the orchard, there were several different pollinators, and all of the trees were planted on Lovell rootstock. This orchard was located in a sand/loamy sand soil series, irrigated with solid-set sprinklers, with trees ranging from 1rst-15th leaf throughout the block. Often with replanted trees in an established orchard, it is very difficult to obtain vigorous growth. The trees usually are partially shaded out, receive either too much or too little water and fertilizer, and generally struggle with soil problems involved with replanting. The replants throughout the orchard were showing signs of low vigor, which include poor shoot growth, thinned canopy, and a general weak appearance (Pictures 1 and 2). The trees showed no other signs of disease on the scaffolds or trunk. Upon root excavation, a poorly developed root system was observed. There were no signs of fungal root infection or any other aggressive pathogens, vertebrate pests, or insects. Picture 1: A first leaf almond tree severely stunted by high nematode populations. Picture 2: A first leaf almond tree moderately stunted by high nematode populations. At this point, I decided to sample for plant parasitic nematodes. Sampling for nematodes is relatively easy: Remove the top 6″ of soil from the sampling locations, and use a soil sampling tube* to remove soil from the depth of 6″-18″ and place the soil in a bucket. Do this from 4-5 locations and mix the soil thoroughly within the bucket. Pull out 2-3 pounds of soil, place it in a labeled plastic bag, and place in a cooler or refrigerator until the sample can be sent to

Read More