Understanding and Applying Information from a Soil Test, Part 3: Secondary Plant Nutrients: Calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and Sulfur (S)
Written by Allan Fulton, Farm Advisor, Tehama County and Roland D. Meyer, Extension Soils Specialist Emeritus This article (Part 3) discusses the use of soil tests to evaluate levels of the secondary nutrients calcium (Ca), Magnesium (Mg), and sulfur (S) in orchard soils. It is a follow up to a series of articles on intrpretation of soil sampling results. These nutrients are considered secondary because while they are essential to crop development, seasonal crop uptake is usually lower than for the primary nutrients N, P, and K but considerably higher than the micronutrients zinc (Zn), iron (Fe), Manganese (Mn), copper (Cu), boron (B), and chloride (Cl). Calcium and Magnesium Plant uptake, cation adsorption and desorption in soil, leaching from rainfall and irrigation, and weathering of minerals all contribute to the concentration of water soluble Ca and Mg available to meet tree nutritional needs. Water soluble cations are determined from the saturated paste extract soil test procedure while the exchangeable cations are determined with the ammonium acetate procedure. Also important are the concentrations of exchangeable (non-water soluble) Ca and Mg which help to promote favorable soil structure. Soil chemistry is in a constant state of change attempting to reach equilibrium between the soluble and non-soluble (exchangeable and mineral) phases. The May 2009 newsletter discussed this dynamic process. Calcium and magnesium share similar chemical properties in soils. Both Ca and Mg are “double positively charged (divalent) cations in the soil-water phase and on soil cation exchange sites. Calcium is adsorbed to soil exchange sites preferentially and more strongly than Mg. When Ca and Mg are abundant in the soluble phase tree roots absorb these nutrients by mass flow. If Ca and/or Mg are less abundant or limited by soil moisture, uptake occurs more slowly through diffusion. Table 1 provides ranges of exchangeable
Recent Comments