David Doll0 commentsNovember 18, 2023Insects

Carpophilus Beetle: What We Know

Authors: David Doll and Zubair Shahzad Carpophilus beetle (Carpophilus truncatus) is a small insect that causes severe damage to almond kernels. The insect overwinters within the soil, and emerges infesting the almonds at hullsplit. They are quite mobile and able to fly up to 3 miles/5km to find a suitable host. Humid conditions increase the emergence and rate of development, leading to multiple generations within a season. More on Carpophilus beetle can be found here. Damage is highly dependent on the variety, harvest timing, and weather conditions. Soft-shell varieties with poor shell seal are most susceptible. Within Australia, the worse damage is reported on Nonpareil, with minimal damage reported on Monterey, Price, and Carmel. Infestation rates increase when harvest delays occur as the nuts are exposed to multiple generations. Rain between hull-split and harvest often increases damage as it results in a faster rate of insect development and harvest delays. Effective management depends on both chemical and cultural practices. In severely infested fields, operations have reported success of applying clothianidin at 1% hullsplit. Early harvest has been shown to reduce exposure and corresponding damage. Nonpareil harvest completion should be targeted by the end of August in the northern hemisphere/February in the southern hemisphere. Winter sanitation is critical to reduce Carpophilus beetle populations. Mummies serve as the initial food source for the beetles as they exit the soil. Operations should target <5 mummies per tree after sanitation. Nuts should be destroyed as soon as possible after winter shaking as the beetle emerges from the soil as it warms. Current trapping methods do not have a lure specifically for C. truncatus. General lures for Carpophilus beetles are available and can be used within bucket traps. Although not providing species level population dynamics, it can provide insight on the emergence of carpophilus beetles

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David Doll6 CommentsJanuary 19, 2018Horticulture, Insects

How late can almonds be shaken for winter sanitation?

Winter sanitation is critical in managing navel orangeworm (as well as some other diseases) within almonds. Removing this past year’s remaining almonds – also known as mummies – is a time intensive process. Sanitation occurs by winter poling crews or by re-shaking the trees. This “winter-shake” is a quick way of removing the majority of the mummy nuts and, in high mummy-count orchards, is often used in combination with poling crews. With a dry November and December, winter-shaking of almonds have been delayed. This has led to several questions regarding how late almonds trees can be shook. Work done over 35 years ago by Steve Sibbett and colleagues found no impact on nut set, yield or size when winter shaking as late as January 31st. This was approximately 8 days prior to pink bud. The author concluded that shaking should be concluded by January 25th within the southern San Joaquin Valley, while it could be a week later in later blooming areas. Cited article: http://calag.ucanr.edu/archive/?type=pdf&article=ca.v037n07p20 When winter-shaking, it is common to see buds on the ground. Even though there may be several hundred buds, a reduction of yield shouldn’t be expected. This is due to the large number of buds that are present on an individual tree. For example, in a 3000 lb/acre mature orchard with 140 trees/acre, approximately 40,000 buds are on each tree, based on a 25% fruit set. Even if substantially higher buds drop from the tree after shaking, observations from several researchers suggest that the tree would compensate with a higher set percentage. Being that this research is over 30 years old, there is a need to update the work. Modern shakers are more effective as well as adjustable. It may be possible to shake closer to bloom without effect (although 8 days prior to pink

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Jhalendra Rijal1 CommentMarch 22, 2017Insects

Seasonal Insect Pest Monitoring Updates in Almonds

This year has been a challenging year to conduct any winter cultural practices due to constant rainstorms and flood situations. By now, however, mummy nut removal from the trees and ground should have been completed. Orchard sanitation is a very effective cultural method to control navel orangeworm (NOW) in nut crops. Almond mummies not only harbor overwintering larvae (Fig. 1), but also serve as the resource for egg laying (Fig. 2) by NOW females in the spring, during which new nuts are not yet vulnerable to NOW infestation. For insect monitoring in almonds, we already passed the trap placement timing (February 15) for Oriental fruit moth (remember the biofix of OFM was February 16 last year). Put navel orangeworm egg traps out by March 15 (South San Joaquin Valley) or by April 1 (North San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys). Use black egg traps filled with the almond meal + 10% crude almond oil. Hang the traps at head height on the north side of the Nonpareil tree, at least 5 trees in from the edge. Put one trap per 10 acres with at least 4 traps per orchard. Remember to change the bait frequently as wet and lumpy bait is not effective in attracting females for egg laying. The biofix of NOW egg laying was April 18 last year. Follow the link for the details. Pheromone traps and lures are available to monitor male NOW activity. Although the relationship between egg and pheromone traps has not been fully understood, pheromone trap capture data still helps in making NOW control decision. In the orchard with NOW mating disruption, use of the pheromone trap is strongly recommended to assess whether the mating disruption is working. Negligible to no moth capture is expected if the mating disruption is working properly. For San Jose scale,

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Jhalendra Rijal0 commentsDecember 22, 2015Insects

Role of Winter Sanitation for Navel Orangeworm Management

Written by: Jhalendra Rijal, Area IPM Advisor, UC-Cooperative Extension (San Joaquin, Stanislaus, Merced) Navel Orangeworm (NOW) is a primary pest of almonds, pistachios, and walnuts, with other significant crops hosts such as fig, citrus, pomegranates. This pest was first introduced in southern California in 1942 potentially from Central and/or South America. Because of the wide host range, this pest was quickly spread to the entire Central Valley within 5-7 years of its first introduction, established and had become a major production threat in almond and other nut crop production. Adults are greyish-brown moths (about ½ inch long) with grey markings on wings. Eggs are laid in mummy nuts or in the nuts with initiation of hull-split. Tiny first instar larvae bore into the nutmeat and all stages of larva feed on nuts producing large amount of webbing and feces (i.e. frass). Larvae are white to pink with a reddish-brown head, and with a typical crescent-shaped markings on the second segment of the body just behind the head. The mature larvae (5th instar) can grow upto ¾ inch in size. Besides direct damage on nuts, NOW larval damage can lead to fungal infections, such as the mold that produces aflatoxin, known to cause carcinogenic and mutagenic effects on human. The larvae overwintered in mummy nuts that are in trees or on the ground. Among non-chemical ways of reducing NOW populations or damage include early harvest and winter mummy removal (i.e. sanitation).  Winter Sanitation of orchards during the winter is the most effective way to reduce the damage in upcoming season. Mummy nuts should be removed from the trees before bud swelling stage (late January/early Feb.) by shaking the trees or by hand polling. The nuts should then be destroyed on the orchard floor by discing or flail mowing by March 15. UC IPM

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David Doll3 CommentsNovember 30, 2012Insects

The Importance of Winter Sanitation

2012 was a bad year for navel orangeworm (NOW). This was due to a lot of factors, which include:  Mild winter temperatures in 2011/2012, leaving a high overwintering population of NOW; Dryer in-season conditions in 2011 that made it harder to shake the nuts from the trees; Lack of winter rains reduced the ease of removing mummies; Poorly timed hull-split sprays; and a slightly above average temperatures through the growing season,  increasing degree days, which reduced times between NOW generations, increasing populations.

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