David Doll8 CommentsJune 28, 2020Horticulture, Insects

Almond Gumming: When is it a problem?

An inquiry was received regarding almond gumming. The farmer observed clear gum exuding from multiple nuts in the fields. The concern was regarding the potential of a severe leaffooted plant bug infestation, and if an insecticide should be applied to reduce the damage. Generally, there are two types of damage that cause hull gumming: internal and external tissue damage. Internally, damage to the vascular tissues that surround the developing nut can cause gumming. This type of damage is often due to an enlarging nut that puts pressure on the hardened shell, leading to a disruption of the vascular bundles between the shell and the hull. Once the damage occurs, the exuded gum exits through the weakest point of the nut, which is often in line with the suture. This commonly occurs with varieties that have large kernels or in years with cooler than normal temperatures which provide conditions for larger kernel growth. It is not an issue as it does not affect harvest or kernel quality. External damage that causes gumming is more concerning. This damage can be caused by physical damage or by insects. Within orchard settings, knowing the weather history or location of the damage can lead to the diagnosis of the cause from abiotic issues (e.g. hail, equipment, etc). Damage from biotic causes is typically more random as it is usually caused by Hemiptera insects (e.g.true bugs), which include stink bugs and leaf-footed plant bugs. These types of insects have mouth parts that can pierce the hull and cause nut damage and loss. If the feeding is early enough in the season it can kill nuts, if after shell-hardening, feeding can still damage or discolor the kernel. The distinguishing characteristics to determine the difference is the location of the gumming. If occurring after shell hardening and in-line

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David Doll2 CommentsApril 5, 2018Insects

Put Leaffooted Bug Monitoring on Your To-Do List

Written By Kris Tollerup, UC IPM Advisor for the San Joaquin Valley Unlike many of the moth pests, we do not have an effective lure that acts to attract leaffooted bug (LFB) to a monitoring trap of some sort.  An LFB lure could be used in almond beginning at mid-March for detecting the pest when they first begin moving into the crop.  Unfortunately, development of a lure remains elusive; researchers out of the University of California, Riverside have worked on the issue for several years now.  They have recently identified compounds used by LFB for sexual and aggregation communication, but synthesis of the compounds has proven quite difficult. This means that good-old visual scouting provides the only viable option.  About this time (mid-March – early April) leaffooted bug begin moving into almond from their overwintering sites.  A caveat to this is that the recent cool weather may have slow their movement and caused some individuals to re-aggregate.  For instance, during early March, we observed signs that LFB had begun to disperse from overwintering sites; however, stopped short and reformed aggregations on nearby citrus trees.  This likely occurred due to cool, wet weather. With warmer weather certainly coming soon, begin monitoring in locations that historically have sustained damage and notably locations near pomegranate and riparian areas.  The bug typically prefers the sunny side of the tree and will rest on nuts on the outside area of the canopy.  Take about 15 seconds to visually inspect about 100 nuts per tree; monitoring 15 to 20 trees in a 5 to 10-acre area. Moreover, the University of California, Pest Management Guidelines recommends monitoring by examining nuts on the ground and in the tree for gummosis.  Keep in mind that gummosis from LFB or other stink bug feed appears clear while gummosis from other

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David Doll4 CommentsMay 13, 2017Diseases, Horticulture

Almonds Exuding Clear Gum

Several calls about gummy nuts were received this week. Of concern are nuts that are oozing clear gum along the suture or side of the hull. There are many potential causes of clear gumming, which include bug damage, boron deficiency, and internal causes from an expanding kernel. Bug damage. Most people are aware of leaf footed plant bug damage. Feeding by this insect can kill the almond embryo when the insect inserts its needle-like feeding tube into the nut. This often leaves a small pin-prick hole which results in clear gum being exuded 3-10 days after feeding. Although the risk of the bug killing the embryo decreases after shell hardening, there can be some staining of the kernel. As the season progresses, feeding by plant bugs decrease, while stink bug feeding can increase. These insects do not have long enough mouth parts to feed on the kernel, but feed on the fruit instead. They often have several feeding points on a single nut. All of these may gum. Severe feeding by stink bugs may impact kernel quality, but the economic threshold of these insects is unknown. Boron deficiency. Too little boron can cause gumming. Usually a clear gum exudes out of the side of the nut or suture line. When cutting the nut open, the kernel is often discolored with copious amounts of gum. These nuts often drop from the tree, and if not, the gum can harden and misshape the kernels, impacting kernel quality at harvest. Another sign of deficiency is a low crop set. Tree boron status should be determined by hull analysis – which has been discussed previously.  This type of deficiency is common in areas that use clean surface water and have not applied any boron to the soil. Physiological- expanding kernels. Occasionally, almonds can gum for no apparent reason.

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Jhalendra Rijal1 CommentMarch 22, 2017Insects

Seasonal Insect Pest Monitoring Updates in Almonds

This year has been a challenging year to conduct any winter cultural practices due to constant rainstorms and flood situations. By now, however, mummy nut removal from the trees and ground should have been completed. Orchard sanitation is a very effective cultural method to control navel orangeworm (NOW) in nut crops. Almond mummies not only harbor overwintering larvae (Fig. 1), but also serve as the resource for egg laying (Fig. 2) by NOW females in the spring, during which new nuts are not yet vulnerable to NOW infestation. For insect monitoring in almonds, we already passed the trap placement timing (February 15) for Oriental fruit moth (remember the biofix of OFM was February 16 last year). Put navel orangeworm egg traps out by March 15 (South San Joaquin Valley) or by April 1 (North San Joaquin and Sacramento Valleys). Use black egg traps filled with the almond meal + 10% crude almond oil. Hang the traps at head height on the north side of the Nonpareil tree, at least 5 trees in from the edge. Put one trap per 10 acres with at least 4 traps per orchard. Remember to change the bait frequently as wet and lumpy bait is not effective in attracting females for egg laying. The biofix of NOW egg laying was April 18 last year. Follow the link for the details. Pheromone traps and lures are available to monitor male NOW activity. Although the relationship between egg and pheromone traps has not been fully understood, pheromone trap capture data still helps in making NOW control decision. In the orchard with NOW mating disruption, use of the pheromone trap is strongly recommended to assess whether the mating disruption is working. Negligible to no moth capture is expected if the mating disruption is working properly. For San Jose scale,

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Kris Tollerup5 CommentsFebruary 5, 2017Insects

Where are Leaffooted Bug Overwintering?

Written by Kris Tollerup, University of California Cooperative Extension Area-wide IPM Advisor, Kearney Agricultural Research and Extension Center, Parlier, CA For a few seasons now, I have been interested in understanding more and ultimately finding better monitoring tools for Leaffooted bug, Leptoglossus spp.  Most growers and PCAs have a  good working knowledge of this bug and likely have attended one or more of my talks covering the subject.  We know that leaffooted bug overwinters in aggregations consisting of just a few to several hundred individuals.  The aggregations tend to occur on citrus, palm frowns, Cyprus trees, pomegranate, walnut (Fig. 1), olive, and on/in non-plant substrates like pump houses, farm equipment, and wood piles.  The list is extensive.  The reason why aggregations can occur on such a diversity of substrates is that they are not necessary interested in feeding but more so in seeking a protected area to survive winter.  An  interesting behavior that I have made is that aggregations typically occur where the group can best collect heat from the sun during peak solar radiation periods.  In spring or as early as late winter, individuals begin leaving aggregations.  I, as well as other researchers, found that dispersion is closely associated with temperature and not necessarily dependent on other environmental factors such as day length.  I observed some moderately large aggregations on pomegranate in Tulare Co. and after warm mid-February temperatures of about 80 F, nearly all the LFB dispersed.  To particularly where, at that early time in the season, we did not determine.  The site had neighboring plantings of citrus and olive, which we surveyed but did not observe LFB in those crops.  Typically at mid-March, LFB starts moving into almond and history shows that they can cause substantial economic damage.  Because of work conducted by a host of researchers

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David Doll4 CommentsMarch 20, 2015Insects

Leaffooted Bug Advisory for Almonds

Written by Kris Tollerup and David Haviland University of California Cooperative Extension and UC Statewide IPM Program Pest control advisors need to be on the lookout for leaffooted bug. All indications are that 2015 has the potential to be a significant year for leaffooted bug damage to almonds.  This prediction is based on observations of very high populations of LFB during the fall of 2014 and a high overwintering survival rate due to mild winter weather.  During the past few days (~March 15th) multiple reports from across Kern County have been sent to UC Cooperative Extension offices that PCAs are starting to see movement into crops.  Although no known reports of leaffooted bugs have occurred in the mid and more northern growing areas, it would be prudent to begin monitoring now. Monitor for LFB at least once a week from mid-March through May, and then every one to two weeks through June.  The most effective monitoring method is to do a visual survey for the presence of bugs.  This can be done by using a long pole to knock branches in the upper tree canopy, causing the bugs to fly such that they can be seen or heard. Visual inspections should be coupled with inspections of the fruit by looking for gummosis on the almond hull.  However, by the time gummosis is seen, damage has already occurred.  Gummosis can also occur due to physiological damage.  Therefore, if the method is used, cross-section the area with gummosis to determine the presences of a pin-sized discolored wound caused by the penetration of the insect’s mouthparts.  Also inspect fruit on the ground for the presence of gummosis and a stinging wound to determine if LFB is the culprit.  Be sure not to confuse gummosis caused by LFB (clear to light amber color) with

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David Doll11 CommentsApril 26, 2014Horticulture, Insects

Almond Gumming – Insect Damage?

I have noticed gumming coming from the hulls of almonds in several orchards. The gumming is clear, and can come from multiple points on the nuts. I have also been seeing it more on ‘Nonpareil’ than ‘Monterey’ or ‘Fritz.’ Initially suspected to be leaffooted plant bug, I think these issues are caused by another insect or are physiological.

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David Doll6 CommentsMay 10, 2013Insects

Leaffooted Plant Bug

I have been several calls in regards to leaffooted plant bug (Leptoglossus clypealis and L. occidentalis). Damage has been reported from various areas of the county, with significant damage observed within some blocks. Leaffoted plant bugs get their name from the leaflike features found on the back legs of the large nymphs and adults. Adults are about 1 inch long and have  a yellow or white zigzag line across their back. Females lay eggs in strands which are often found on the sides of almonds or pistachios.

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