2014 Top Ten Articles

Following a long standing tradition of developing a “Top 10” list to celebrate the old and bring in the new year, here is a quick review of the top ten articles read this past year from “The Almond Doctor.” 10. Water Stress, Early Hullsplit, and Kernel Size. Severe water stress from the drought caused an induced hull-split in some blocks across the state. This article explains the impact of this observed phenomenon.

December 30, 2014

Is Last Year’s Warm Winter the New Normal?

Katherine Pope, UCCE Farm Advisor Sacramento, Solano and Yolo Counties Part 1 of 3 in the series – What can we learn from the low chill winter of 2013-2014 With harvest wrapped up, it’s a good time to take stock of the impacts of the warm winter of 2013-2014. Average chill was down 25% in the Central Valley, falling behind in January and never catching up. Orchards in many crops showed classic symptoms of low chill – delayed and extended bloom, poor pollinizer overlap and weak leaf-out. Prolonged bloom likely resulted in some cherries, pistachios and prunes experiencing warmer bloom temperatures, which decreased yields for many. Drought-related water stress likely contributed to some of the yield, size and quality issues we saw at harvest. But low chill was almost certainly responsible for a great deal of the unusual tree behavior, low yields and poor quality. So what can we learn from this tough year moving forward?

November 8, 2014

After a tough year, make key irrigation maintenance a priority.

Written By: Franz Niederholzer, UCCE Farm Advisor, Colusa/Sutter/Yuba Counties Despite strong nut pricing, the drought is making 2014 a very tough year for growers, their trees, and in many cases, their irrigation systems.  Low quality irrigation water, potentially stressing trees and irrigation systems, was/is applied to many orchards this year that normally received higher quality water.  Irrigation system maintenance, especially cleaning drip lines to ensure uniform and adequate water flow, should be high on the do-to list this fall.  The following is a quick review of key practices to keep drip emitters from clogging.  For more complete information, see the sources listed at the end of the post.

August 30, 2014

Leaf analysis and salinity monitoring

Written by Joe Connell, Butte County Farm Advisor Leaf analysis for the full range of nutrients is best done in July when nutrient levels in leaf tissue are stabilized. Published July critical values established for almond by U.C. researchers can help guide you in your fertilization practice.  Analysis can reveal specific nutrient deficiencies or can alert you to developing trends when results are compared from one year to another.  Keeping trees in the adequate zone for nitrogen can save on fertilizer costs by helping to avoid over fertilization. 

July 4, 2014

Well Water Analysis to ID Salinity Issues

There will be an increase reliance on groundwater for 2014. Wells that have been typically relied on to subsidize water allocations are now providing the primary source of water for the drought stricken almond orchards. If using a well, it is important to sample the water. Sampling will determine the characteristics of the water such as dissolved salts, pH, and major cations and anions. Sampling should be performed regularly, and more frequently if well performance or pumping depth has changed. 

March 24, 2014

Almond Bloom Spray Considerations

It looks like there is rain predicted for next week – just in time for almond bloom. Considering that the forecast is calling for 2-3 days of rain, a fungicide spray may be warranted. In making this decision, keep in mind the following considerations:

February 22, 2014

Determining Orchard Water Needs With Yields

In delivering workshops on irrigation (and drought) management, there are always a few questions on how to estimate canopy coverage without the use of special equipment. Not being content with the typical answer of “Use your best guess,” I began to review the research, and found that an estimate of photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) (also known as mid-day light interception) can be calculated from orchard yields. This question was asked because in a water short year, the available water needs to be spread out evenly as the respective % of evapotranspiration. This following will help determine how much water your trees are using.

February 14, 2014

Its been dry, should I water?

Although we have received a bit of rain this past week, some inquiries about applying a winter irrigation have been made. There is concern that since the soil is dry from lack of rains, that the trees will be stressed, negatively affecting the fruit bud. Briefly, an irrigation in December to alleviate water stress in dormant trees is not needed in most cases. In order for water to move into the tree’s branches, it needs the “pull” created by the leaves (transpiration). Without leaves, the water may move into the roots, up a few inches into the wood through capillary action, but not into the branches and buds within the mid to upper canopy of the tree. The only exception may be in a situation of extreme drought, in which the trees have had considerable seasonal stress and complete defoliation. This occurs rarely in California. There are other reasons to apply a winter irrigation. These include refilling the soil profile to help with irrigations scheduling in the spring, and watering in an applied pre-emergent herbicide.

December 18, 2011

Observations of Krymsk-86 Rootstock

Written By Joe Connell, UCCE Farm Advisor, Butte County Krymsk 86 is a peach-plum hybrid rootstock (Prunus persica x P. cerasifera) that originated in the Krasnodar region of Russia. As such, this hybrid rootstock is different than any other rootstock in use in the California almond industry. Now that it is planted in commercial orchards under many different conditions we are learning more about how it behaves when grafted to almond. When grafted to peach, plum, or apricot it is thought to be tolerant of cold temperatures, drought, water logging, resistant to phytophthora, and somewhat resistant to lesion nematodes. It was observed to be precocious, productive, and appeared to increase fruit size. Now that it is grafted to almond in California we are discovering that trees behave differently than almond grafted on peach rootstocks and differently than almond grafted on Marianna 2624 plum. In fact, it behaves uniquely like almond grafted on Krymsk 86. The first trial in Butte County including this rootstock was planted in 2003. Just completing their ninth growing season, the Nonpareil trees on Krymsk 86 are larger than adjacent trees on Lovell peach. What we know so far is that Krymsk 86 appears to be compatible with almond and it has a vigorous root system with good anchorage as a young tree. Krymsk 86 roots are susceptible to root knot nematodes and this will limit its usefulness in the San Joaquin Valley and on light textured soils where root knot can be a problem. In sandy soils in Stanislaus County, trees on Krymsk 86 are less vigorous than trees on peach roots. In spring 2011, soils were wet and cold for an extended period causing trees to get a slow start. Several young orchards had yellow trees showing up on Krymsk 86. Trees were yellow for

November 20, 2011

Rootstocks for California Almond Orchards

Roger Duncan, University of California Cooperative Extension in Stanislaus County Joe Connell, UC Cooperative Extension in Butte County John Edstrom, UC Cooperative Extension in Colusa County Nemaguard has been the main rootstock of the California almond industry for many decades.  It is well adapted to the well-drained, non-calcareous loam and sandy loam soils common throughout the San Joaquin Valley.  Nemaguard is vigorous, immune to rootknot nematode, compatible with all almond varieties, doesn’t sucker much, has decent anchorage, and is easy to grow at the nursery.  Never-the-less, there are many situations in which nemaguard struggles.  Nemaguard, as with most peach rootstocks, is prone to lime induced chlorosis (yellowing / iron deficiency) in high pH soils.   It is also susceptible to salt toxicity (sodium, chloride & boron), “wet feet”, Phytophthora root rot, oak root fungus, crown gall and “heart rot”.  Despite the name “nemaguard”, this rootstock is susceptible to ring and root lesion nematodes.  The susceptibility to ring nematode leads to the danger of bacterial canker in orchards replanted into sandy soil.  Since 1998, UC Cooperative Extension farm advisors in Kern, Stanislaus, San Joaquin, Colusa and Butte Counties have researched several alternative rootstocks for California almond growers.  These include most of the common, commercially available rootstocks in California along with many newly available rootstocks from other countries.  While there is no such thing as the perfect rootstock, there are better choices than nemaguard where many chemical or physical soil problems exist.  Below are some suggestions for specific challenging situations. Heavy soil / poor drainage.  Nemaguard is not adapted to poorly drained soils and can become yellow, stunted or even die from lack of oxygen.  Lovell, another peach seedling rootstock, is not much better.  As a group, plum rootstocks are pretty tolerant to heavy soil.  Marianna 2624 has traditionally been the rootstock of

November 30, 2010